Attachment is the enduring emotional connection between caregivers and child, characterized by the development of trust, security and the desire for closeness, particularly when the child is under stress. In most cases, parents who adopt infants must provide a context in which attachment is learned. Parents who adopt toddlers or older children, especially with a history of separations and loss, must help them overcome attachment fears and disorders.

(from Levy, T. & Orlans, M (1998). Attachment, Trauma and Healing. Child Welfare League of America.)

Varying degrees of disruption can create difficulties represented in a continuum from attachment issues to reactive attachment disorder. Emotional temperament, developmental stage, and severity of trauma are all factors when accessing how a child or adult has been impacted.

Abandonment & rejection may lead to intimacy/relationship problems, whereas outright abuse and/or neglect can create Attachment Disorder.

Part of a treatment plan for attachment difficulties is an attachment intensive.

• traumatic prenatal experience (unwanted pregnancies, drug/alcohol exposure, maternal ambivalence/depression, domestic violence)
• birth trauma
• chronic illness
• undiagnosed and/or partial illness (ear infection, colic, etc.)
• multiple separations and/or placements (hospitalizations, foster care, failed adoptions)
• family history of mental disorders
• abuse (physical, sexual, emotional)
• neglect (physical, emotional)
• inconsistent or inadequate daycare

• Gives and receives affection poorly

• Inappropriately affectionate with strangers
• Lacks genuine eye contact
• Rage-filled
• Lacks remorse and conscience
• Irresponsible and entitled
• Difficulty with relationships